Illegal mining not only damages forest ecosystems but also causes pollution of water, air, and
soil, threatening environmental sustainability and the health of surrounding communities. This
study aims to examine environmental protection against damage caused by illegal mining in
the PT. Freeport Indonesia area and to identify obstacles in its implementation. The method
employed is empirical legal research, analyzing the legal behavior of individuals or community
groups related to illegal mining in the area. The results indicate that the Mineral and Coal
Mining Law and its implementing regulations provide a strong legal basis for supervision and law enforcement against illegal mining. The implementation still faces challenges such as suboptimal supervision and ineffective sanctions. This study concludes that environmental protection requires synergy among law enforcement officers, local governments, and the community, as well as firm and sustainable law enforcement. Recommendations are offered to strengthen monitoring mechanisms and enhance public legal awareness to preserve environmental sustainability in the mining area.